The THE SOUND OF SILENCE: THE BARRIERS ON STUDENTS’ ORAL PARTICIPATION IN THE CLASSROOM
Keywords:
Silence, Barriers, Oral Participation
Abstract
There are many reasons to believe that classroom interaction or students' oral participation in class is a necessity and beneficial for learners. However, getting students to respond is not always the situation in many classes. In Quirino State University, oral participation is one of the problems that most teachers face. The qualitative inquiry method was used. Data were collected through individual interviews, focus group discussion, classroom observations, and relevant document used in this study. Narrative analysis was utilized and purposeful sampling technique was used. Data were analyzed using Hyper Research. The findings suggest that the participants’ classroom participation experiences were influenced by multiple factors, the major ones include inferiority complex, social phobia or fear, period of adjustment, no self-esteem and not customary to speak in class. With these findings, the researcher recommends, student-centered approach, provide friendly classroom, use innovative teaching strategies, ensure that all students have equitable opportunities to learn and to perform to a standard, and help students acquire social skills needed to interact effectively.
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References
Abdel-Rahman Al- Eiadeh, (2016) Improving English Language Speaking Skills of
Ajloun National University Students
Acarturk, C., Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., & de Graaf, R. (2009). Psychological
treatment of social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 29, 241-254. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Anthony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (2008). The shyness of social anxiety workbook:
Proven, step-by-step techniques for overcoming your fear. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. Block, J. A. (2002). Acceptance or change of private experiences: A comparative analysis in college students with public speaking anxiety. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 63, 4361.
Bao, D. (2014). Understanding silence and reticence: Ways of participating in second
language acquisition. New York: Bloomsbury.
Berkes, F. (2004). Rethinking community-based conservation. Conservation Biology, 18,
621-630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523- 1739.2004.00077.x
Birch, M. (2002). Encouraging participation: Ethics and responsibilities.
Bögels, S. M. (2006). Task concentration training versus applied relaxation
combination with cognitive therapy, for social phobia patients with fear of blushing, trembling, and sweating. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1199-1210.
Bögels, S. M., & Voncken, M. (2006). Mindfulness and task concentration training
for social phobia: A pilot study. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 33-44.
Butler, G., Fennell, M., Robson, P., & Dalrymple, K. L., & Herbert, J. D. (2007).
Acceptance and commitment therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A pilot study. Behavior Modification, 31, 543-568. 11 Davis: Counseling Groups for Social Phobia Published by e-Publications@Marquette, 2012 SOCIAL PHOBIA GROUPS 12
Bruno, U. D. & Njoku, J. (2014). The Role of the Teacher in Improving Students Self
Esteem. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development January, 31, p- 4(7), P-53.
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challenges and
developing strategies for effective learning. The Psychologist, 26(2), 120-123. http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm?volum eID=26&editionID=222&ArticleID=2222
Chen, X. (2009). Perception of paralinguistic international meaning in a second
language.
Cheng, X. (2000). Asian students' reticence revisited. System, 28(3), 435- 446.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(00)00015-4
Chun, S.Y. (2014). EFL learners’ beliefs about native and non-native English-speaking
teachers: perceived strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(6), 563-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.889141
Chung, J. J., & Payne, M. (2017). Please speak up! Exploring non-native speakers’
perceptions of their unwillingness to communicate in a foreign classroom setting. International Young Scholars Journal of Language, 2(1), 3-12.
Chung J. (2021). “We Participate, Silently”: Explicating Thai University
Students’ Perceptions of Their Classroom Participation and Communication. Qualitative Research in Education, 10(1), 62-87. doi:10.17583/qre.2021.7159
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.).
London: Routledge.
Davidson, J. R. T., Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Keefe, F., Franklin, M., Compton, J.,
Gadde, K. M. (2004). Fluoxetine, comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy, and placebo in generalized social phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1005-1013. Franklin R., S., Andrew, S., Carmen-Rosa, B.,
Erath K. S.(2018). Discourse competence as important part of academic language
proficiency in Mathematics classroom: The case of explaining to learn and learning to explain.
Evans, Kenneth R. (2005). Adapting motivation, central and compensation research
to a new environment.
Gelder, M. (1991). Comparison of behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in
the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 167-175.
Gibbs, A. (2012). Focus groups and group interviews. In J. Arthur, M. Waring, R. Coe,
& L.V. Hedges (Eds.), Research methods and methodologies in education (pp. 186-192). London: Sage.
Gladding, S. T. (2012). Group work: A counseling specialty. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Merrill Prentice Hall. Heimberg.
Goodwin, C., & Goodwin, M. H. (2004). Participation: A companion to linguistic
anthropology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Gorjian B., & Habibi P. (2015). The effect of conversation strategies on the classroom
interaction: The case of turn taking, Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Learning
Hancock, M. E., Amankwaa, L., Revell, M. A., & Mueller, D. (2016). Focus group data
saturation: A new approach to data analysis. The Qualitative Report, 21(11), 2124-2130.
Hofmann, S. G., & Scepkowski, L. A. (2006). Social self-reappraisal therapy for social
phobia: Preliminary findings. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 45-57.
Hope, D. A., Burns, J. A., Hayes, S. A., Herbert, J. D., & Warner, M. D. (2010).
Automatic thoughts and cognitive restructuring in cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 34, 1-12.
Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied
Linguistics, 21, 112-126. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridgecore/content/view/S0267190501000071
Howard, K. M. (2009). “When meeting Khun teacher, each time we should pay respect”:
Standardizing respect in a Northern Thai classroom. Linguistics and Education, 20(3), 254-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2008.06.002
Jones, R. C. (2008). The “why” of class participation: A question worth asking. College
Teaching, 56 (1), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.3200/CTCH.56.1.59-64
Kalaivani , G. A Study on Inferiority Complex of High School Students in Relation to
their Academic Achievement in Vellore District
Kelly, B. T. (2003). Focus group interviews. In F. K. Stage & K. Manning (Eds.), Research
in the college context: Approaches and methods (pp. 49-62). New York: Routledge.
Kim, S. (2008). Silent participation: East Asian international graduate students' views
on active classroom participation. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 19, 199-220. http://celt.muohio.edu/ject/issue.php?v=19&n=2%20and%203
Kocovski, N. L., Fleming, J. E., & Rector, N. A. (2009). Mindfulness and acceptance-
based group therapy for social anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16, 276- 289.
Komolsevin, R., Knutson, T. J., & Datthuyawat, P. (2010). Effective intercultural
communication: Research contributions from Thailand. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 20(1), 90-100. https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.20.1.05kom
Koszycki, D., Benger, M., Shlik, J., & Bradwjn, J. (2007). Randomized trial of a
medicationbased stress reduction program and cognitive behavior therapy in generalized social anxiety disorder. Behavior.
Lee, G. (2009). Speaking up: Six Korean students’ oral participation in class discussions
in US graduate seminars. English for Specific Purposes, 28(3), 142-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2009.01.007
Lindzey, Nathan C. (2017). European Journal of Combinotories
Liu, M.,& Jackson, J., (2008). 'An exploration of Chinese EFL Learners'
Unwillingness to Communicate and Foreign Language Anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 92, 71-86
Liu, M., & Jackson, J. (2008). An exploration of Chinese EFL learners' unwillingness to
communicate and foreign language anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 92(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00687.x
Loh, C. Y. R., & Teo, T. C. (2017). Understanding Asian students learning styles, cultural
influence and learning strategies. Journal of Education & Social Policy, 7(1), 194-210. http://jespnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_1_March_2017/23.pdf
Lucas, S. E. (2001). The Art of Public Speaking. (7th Ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Lu, Yao (2012). Education of children left behind in rural China.
Marquines, L. C. (2018). Percieved enhancement of college students’ communication
skills through international co-teaching for globallycompetitive markets. American Journal of Educational Research 2018
McLafferty, I. (2004). Focus group interviews as a data collecting strategy. Journal of
advanced nursing, 48(2), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03186.x
Mori, Sakurado C. (200). Addressing the mental health concerns of international
students. Journal of counseling and development.
Nakane, I. (2007). Silence in intercultural communication: Perceptions and
performance. Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing.
Nasser, Mohamedhoesein, The Relationship between First Year Students’ Interaction
Basic Psychology Needs, and Academic Success. American Journal of Educational Research 2018;
Newman, R.S. (2010). Handbook of self-regulation.
UDY ON
Piet, J., Hougaard, E., Hecksher, M. S., & Rosenberg, N. K. (2010). A randomized
pilot study
Randall, D. M., Arturo, S., & Michael, R. L. (2003). Pharmacological treatment of
social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis. Depression & Anxiety, 18, 29-40.
R. G. (1991). Cognitive behavioral treatment of social phobia in a group setting: A
treatment manual. Unpublished manuscript, Center for Stress and Anxiety Disorders, State University of New York at Albany. Hofmann,
Research and Therapy, 45, 2518-2526. 12 Graduate Journal of Counseling
Psychology, Vol. 3, Iss. 1 [2012], Art. 1
Robinson, P., & Ellis, N. C. (2008). An introduction to cognitive linguistics, second
language acquisition, and language instruction. In P. Robinson, and N. C. Ellis (Eds.). Handbook of cognitive linguistics and second language acquisition, pp. 3-24. New York: Routledge.
Saad, G., Cleveland, M., & Ho, L. (2015). Individualism–collectivism and the quantity
versus quality dimensions of individual and group creative performance. Journal of business research, 68(3), 578-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.09.004
Safura, Adula S. (2014). Skills coded by IT graduates as perceived by Malaysian IT professionals.
S. G., & Bögels, S. M. (2006). Recent advances in the treatment of social phobia:
Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 3- 5.
Schachner, M.K., Van de Vijver, F.J. and Noack, P., “Family-related antecedents of
early adolescent immigrants‟ psychological and sociocultural school adjustment in Germany,” Journal
Shao, Q., & Gao, X. A. (2016). Reticence and willingness to communicate (WTC) of East
Asian language learners. System, 63, 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.10.001
Schultz, K. (2009). Rethinking classroom participation: Listening to silent voices.
Teachers College Press.
Smith, Madorah E. A Study of the Causes of Feelings of Inferiority Pages 315-
332 | Received 27 Dec 1937, Published online: 02 Jul 2010.
Takahashi, J. (2019). East Asian and native-English-speaking students’ participation in
the graduate-level American classroom. Communication Education, 68(2), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2019.1566963
Tulloch, Ayesha I.T. ( 2014). Self-esteem and social problem solving as predictors of
aggression in college students.
Wentzel, K.R. (2002). Peer relationship and collaborative learning as context for
academic enablers.
Wu, Q. (2015). Re-examining the “Chinese learner”: a case study of mainland Chinese
students’ learning experiences at British Universities. Higher Education, 70(4), 753-766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9865-y
Xia, S. (2009). Are they ready to participate? East Asian students’ acquisition of verbal
participation in American classrooms. Issues in Applied Linguistics, 17(2).
Ajloun National University Students
Acarturk, C., Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., & de Graaf, R. (2009). Psychological
treatment of social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 29, 241-254. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Anthony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (2008). The shyness of social anxiety workbook:
Proven, step-by-step techniques for overcoming your fear. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. Block, J. A. (2002). Acceptance or change of private experiences: A comparative analysis in college students with public speaking anxiety. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 63, 4361.
Bao, D. (2014). Understanding silence and reticence: Ways of participating in second
language acquisition. New York: Bloomsbury.
Berkes, F. (2004). Rethinking community-based conservation. Conservation Biology, 18,
621-630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523- 1739.2004.00077.x
Birch, M. (2002). Encouraging participation: Ethics and responsibilities.
Bögels, S. M. (2006). Task concentration training versus applied relaxation
combination with cognitive therapy, for social phobia patients with fear of blushing, trembling, and sweating. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1199-1210.
Bögels, S. M., & Voncken, M. (2006). Mindfulness and task concentration training
for social phobia: A pilot study. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 33-44.
Butler, G., Fennell, M., Robson, P., & Dalrymple, K. L., & Herbert, J. D. (2007).
Acceptance and commitment therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A pilot study. Behavior Modification, 31, 543-568. 11 Davis: Counseling Groups for Social Phobia Published by e-Publications@Marquette, 2012 SOCIAL PHOBIA GROUPS 12
Bruno, U. D. & Njoku, J. (2014). The Role of the Teacher in Improving Students Self
Esteem. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development January, 31, p- 4(7), P-53.
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challenges and
developing strategies for effective learning. The Psychologist, 26(2), 120-123. http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm?volum eID=26&editionID=222&ArticleID=2222
Chen, X. (2009). Perception of paralinguistic international meaning in a second
language.
Cheng, X. (2000). Asian students' reticence revisited. System, 28(3), 435- 446.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(00)00015-4
Chun, S.Y. (2014). EFL learners’ beliefs about native and non-native English-speaking
teachers: perceived strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(6), 563-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.889141
Chung, J. J., & Payne, M. (2017). Please speak up! Exploring non-native speakers’
perceptions of their unwillingness to communicate in a foreign classroom setting. International Young Scholars Journal of Language, 2(1), 3-12.
Chung J. (2021). “We Participate, Silently”: Explicating Thai University
Students’ Perceptions of Their Classroom Participation and Communication. Qualitative Research in Education, 10(1), 62-87. doi:10.17583/qre.2021.7159
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.).
London: Routledge.
Davidson, J. R. T., Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Keefe, F., Franklin, M., Compton, J.,
Gadde, K. M. (2004). Fluoxetine, comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy, and placebo in generalized social phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1005-1013. Franklin R., S., Andrew, S., Carmen-Rosa, B.,
Erath K. S.(2018). Discourse competence as important part of academic language
proficiency in Mathematics classroom: The case of explaining to learn and learning to explain.
Evans, Kenneth R. (2005). Adapting motivation, central and compensation research
to a new environment.
Gelder, M. (1991). Comparison of behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in
the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 167-175.
Gibbs, A. (2012). Focus groups and group interviews. In J. Arthur, M. Waring, R. Coe,
& L.V. Hedges (Eds.), Research methods and methodologies in education (pp. 186-192). London: Sage.
Gladding, S. T. (2012). Group work: A counseling specialty. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Merrill Prentice Hall. Heimberg.
Goodwin, C., & Goodwin, M. H. (2004). Participation: A companion to linguistic
anthropology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Gorjian B., & Habibi P. (2015). The effect of conversation strategies on the classroom
interaction: The case of turn taking, Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Learning
Hancock, M. E., Amankwaa, L., Revell, M. A., & Mueller, D. (2016). Focus group data
saturation: A new approach to data analysis. The Qualitative Report, 21(11), 2124-2130.
Hofmann, S. G., & Scepkowski, L. A. (2006). Social self-reappraisal therapy for social
phobia: Preliminary findings. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 45-57.
Hope, D. A., Burns, J. A., Hayes, S. A., Herbert, J. D., & Warner, M. D. (2010).
Automatic thoughts and cognitive restructuring in cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 34, 1-12.
Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied
Linguistics, 21, 112-126. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridgecore/content/view/S0267190501000071
Howard, K. M. (2009). “When meeting Khun teacher, each time we should pay respect”:
Standardizing respect in a Northern Thai classroom. Linguistics and Education, 20(3), 254-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2008.06.002
Jones, R. C. (2008). The “why” of class participation: A question worth asking. College
Teaching, 56 (1), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.3200/CTCH.56.1.59-64
Kalaivani , G. A Study on Inferiority Complex of High School Students in Relation to
their Academic Achievement in Vellore District
Kelly, B. T. (2003). Focus group interviews. In F. K. Stage & K. Manning (Eds.), Research
in the college context: Approaches and methods (pp. 49-62). New York: Routledge.
Kim, S. (2008). Silent participation: East Asian international graduate students' views
on active classroom participation. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 19, 199-220. http://celt.muohio.edu/ject/issue.php?v=19&n=2%20and%203
Kocovski, N. L., Fleming, J. E., & Rector, N. A. (2009). Mindfulness and acceptance-
based group therapy for social anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16, 276- 289.
Komolsevin, R., Knutson, T. J., & Datthuyawat, P. (2010). Effective intercultural
communication: Research contributions from Thailand. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 20(1), 90-100. https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.20.1.05kom
Koszycki, D., Benger, M., Shlik, J., & Bradwjn, J. (2007). Randomized trial of a
medicationbased stress reduction program and cognitive behavior therapy in generalized social anxiety disorder. Behavior.
Lee, G. (2009). Speaking up: Six Korean students’ oral participation in class discussions
in US graduate seminars. English for Specific Purposes, 28(3), 142-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2009.01.007
Lindzey, Nathan C. (2017). European Journal of Combinotories
Liu, M.,& Jackson, J., (2008). 'An exploration of Chinese EFL Learners'
Unwillingness to Communicate and Foreign Language Anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 92, 71-86
Liu, M., & Jackson, J. (2008). An exploration of Chinese EFL learners' unwillingness to
communicate and foreign language anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 92(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00687.x
Loh, C. Y. R., & Teo, T. C. (2017). Understanding Asian students learning styles, cultural
influence and learning strategies. Journal of Education & Social Policy, 7(1), 194-210. http://jespnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_1_March_2017/23.pdf
Lucas, S. E. (2001). The Art of Public Speaking. (7th Ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Lu, Yao (2012). Education of children left behind in rural China.
Marquines, L. C. (2018). Percieved enhancement of college students’ communication
skills through international co-teaching for globallycompetitive markets. American Journal of Educational Research 2018
McLafferty, I. (2004). Focus group interviews as a data collecting strategy. Journal of
advanced nursing, 48(2), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03186.x
Mori, Sakurado C. (200). Addressing the mental health concerns of international
students. Journal of counseling and development.
Nakane, I. (2007). Silence in intercultural communication: Perceptions and
performance. Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing.
Nasser, Mohamedhoesein, The Relationship between First Year Students’ Interaction
Basic Psychology Needs, and Academic Success. American Journal of Educational Research 2018;
Newman, R.S. (2010). Handbook of self-regulation.
UDY ON
Piet, J., Hougaard, E., Hecksher, M. S., & Rosenberg, N. K. (2010). A randomized
pilot study
Randall, D. M., Arturo, S., & Michael, R. L. (2003). Pharmacological treatment of
social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis. Depression & Anxiety, 18, 29-40.
R. G. (1991). Cognitive behavioral treatment of social phobia in a group setting: A
treatment manual. Unpublished manuscript, Center for Stress and Anxiety Disorders, State University of New York at Albany. Hofmann,
Research and Therapy, 45, 2518-2526. 12 Graduate Journal of Counseling
Psychology, Vol. 3, Iss. 1 [2012], Art. 1
Robinson, P., & Ellis, N. C. (2008). An introduction to cognitive linguistics, second
language acquisition, and language instruction. In P. Robinson, and N. C. Ellis (Eds.). Handbook of cognitive linguistics and second language acquisition, pp. 3-24. New York: Routledge.
Saad, G., Cleveland, M., & Ho, L. (2015). Individualism–collectivism and the quantity
versus quality dimensions of individual and group creative performance. Journal of business research, 68(3), 578-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.09.004
Safura, Adula S. (2014). Skills coded by IT graduates as perceived by Malaysian IT professionals.
S. G., & Bögels, S. M. (2006). Recent advances in the treatment of social phobia:
Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 3- 5.
Schachner, M.K., Van de Vijver, F.J. and Noack, P., “Family-related antecedents of
early adolescent immigrants‟ psychological and sociocultural school adjustment in Germany,” Journal
Shao, Q., & Gao, X. A. (2016). Reticence and willingness to communicate (WTC) of East
Asian language learners. System, 63, 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.10.001
Schultz, K. (2009). Rethinking classroom participation: Listening to silent voices.
Teachers College Press.
Smith, Madorah E. A Study of the Causes of Feelings of Inferiority Pages 315-
332 | Received 27 Dec 1937, Published online: 02 Jul 2010.
Takahashi, J. (2019). East Asian and native-English-speaking students’ participation in
the graduate-level American classroom. Communication Education, 68(2), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2019.1566963
Tulloch, Ayesha I.T. ( 2014). Self-esteem and social problem solving as predictors of
aggression in college students.
Wentzel, K.R. (2002). Peer relationship and collaborative learning as context for
academic enablers.
Wu, Q. (2015). Re-examining the “Chinese learner”: a case study of mainland Chinese
students’ learning experiences at British Universities. Higher Education, 70(4), 753-766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9865-y
Xia, S. (2009). Are they ready to participate? East Asian students’ acquisition of verbal
participation in American classrooms. Issues in Applied Linguistics, 17(2).
Published
2021-06-07
How to Cite
GARINGAN, E. (2021). The THE SOUND OF SILENCE: THE BARRIERS ON STUDENTS’ ORAL PARTICIPATION IN THE CLASSROOM. IJRDO- Journal of Educational Research, 6(6), 01-11. https://doi.org/10.53555/er.v6i6.4352
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